Linux 常用指令

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File System

  • ls
    • 列出資料 (list)
    • 可以配合 -a，來顯示詳細資訊及隱藏資料 (all)
    • 而在 fish shell 上，簡化 ls -l 為 ll 指令
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      $ ls
      Applications/              Katalon Studio/            Pictures/                  ncku-team/                 temp.txt
      Desktop/                   Library/                   Postman/                   repos/
      Documents/                 Movies/                    Public/                    sideex/
      Downloads/                 Music/                     github-recovery-codes.txt  system/

      $ ls -a
      ./                         .conda/                    .oracle_jre_usage/         Documents/                 github-recovery-codes.txt
      .CFUserTextEncoding        .cups/                     .ssh/                      Katalon Studio/            repos/
      .DS_Store                  .gitconfig                 .viminfo                   Library/                   sideex/
      ...

      $ ls *.txt
      temp.txt

      // access permissions, # of hard link, ower, user group, size, date and time, name
      $ ls -l
      total 16
      drwx------@  4 linyunwen  staff   128B  8 27 16:36 Applications/
      drwx------@  5 linyunwen  staff   160B  8 27 20:00 Desktop/
      drwx------@ 10 linyunwen  staff   320B  9  5 10:29 Documents/
      drwx------@ 26 linyunwen  staff   832B 10  1 20:52 Downloads/
      drwx------@ 75 linyunwen  staff   2.3K  9 22 11:52 Library/
      drwx------+  8 linyunwen  staff   256B  9  1 23:44 Movies/
      drwx------+  4 linyunwen  staff   128B  8 30 22:41 Music/
      drwx------+  5 linyunwen  staff   160B  8 31 11:08 Pictures/
      drwxr-xr-x+  4 linyunwen  staff   128B  8 27 16:30 Public/
      drwxr-xr-x@ 32 linyunwen  staff   1.0K  9  3 13:20 system/
      -rw-r--r--@  1 linyunwen  staff   129B  9 29 23:20 temp.txt
  • pwd
    • 輸出出目前工作目錄 (print work directory)
      • cwd: current work directory
  • cd
    • 進入資料夾 (change directory)
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      $ cd ${directory_name}
      // 進入根目錄
      $ cd /
      // 進入家目錄
      $ cd ~
      // 往上一層目錄
      $ cd ..
  • mkdir
    • 建新資料夾 (make directory)
  • cp
    • 複製檔案 (copy)
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      $ cp ${src} ${dist}
  • mv
    • 移動檔案或是重新命名檔案 (move files)
      • 若相同位置、不同檔名，則可以變成 rename
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      $ mv ${src} ${dist}
  • rm
    • 刪除檔案 (remove file)
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      $ rm ${file_name}
      // 強制刪除 (force)
      $ rm -f
      // 刪除資料夾 (recursive)
      $ rm -r
  • sl
    • 建立軟連結
  • touch
    • 用來更新已存在文件的 timestamp 時間戳記
    • 新增空白檔案
  • cat
    • 將文件印出在終端機上
  • tail
    • 顯示檔案最後幾行內容
  • more
    • 將檔案一頁頁印在終端機上
  • less
  • file
    • 檢查檔案類型
  • chmod
  • sort
  • uniq
  • cut
  • echo
  • fmt (format)
  • tr (translate)
  • nl

System management

Network

  • ping

    • 網路檢測工具
    • 透過發送 ICMP ECHO_REQUEST 的封包，檢查自己與特定設備之間的網路是否暢通，速度是否正常
    • 輸入 hostname 或是 IP
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      $ ping linyunwen.github.io
      PING linyunwen.github.io (185.199.111.153): 56 data bytes
      64 bytes from 185.199.111.153: icmp_seq=0 ttl=51 time=51.394 ms
      64 bytes from 185.199.111.153: icmp_seq=1 ttl=51 time=51.378 ms
      64 bytes from 185.199.111.153: icmp_seq=2 ttl=51 time=52.142 ms
      ...

  • traceroutes

    • 檢查從你的電腦到網路另一端的主機是走的什麼路徑
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      $ traceroute linyunwen.github.io
      traceroute: Warning: linyunwen.github.io has multiple addresses; using 185.199.111.153
      traceroute to linyunwen.github.io (185.199.111.153), 64 hops max, 52 byte packets
       1  192.168.1.1 (192.168.1.1)  17.736 ms  0.989 ms  0.928 ms
       2  192.168.0.1 (192.168.0.1)  2.950 ms  1.545 ms  1.234 ms
       3  h254.s98.ts.hinet.net (168.95.98.254)  12.588 ms  12.550 ms  11.930 ms
       4  tne1-3302.hinet.net (168.95.55.38)  18.027 ms  13.021 ms  15.191 ms
       5  tne1-3021.hinet.net (220.128.26.102)  17.115 ms  17.483 ms  16.929 ms
       6  pcpd-3211.hinet.net (220.128.14.70)  16.963 ms  19.865 ms  16.796 ms
       7  220-128-26-78.hinet-ip.hinet.net (220.128.26.78)  17.225 ms
          220-128-26-106.hinet-ip.hinet.net (220.128.26.106)  17.577 ms
          220-128-26-78.hinet-ip.hinet.net (220.128.26.78)  16.448 ms
       8  r4103-s2.tp.hinet.net (220.128.1.41)  18.387 ms  17.184 ms  18.287 ms
       9  r4003-s2.tp.hinet.net (220.128.6.225)  21.350 ms
          r4003-s2.tp.hinet.net (220.128.6.237)  18.326 ms  19.232 ms
      10  63-218-147-145.static.pccwglobal.net (63.218.147.145)  48.311 ms  48.148 ms  61.407 ms
      11  hundredge0-0-0-9.clbr01.tok02.pccwbtn.net (63.218.250.193)  57.048 ms
          hundredge0-0-0-0.clbr01.tok02.pccwbtn.net (63.218.250.173)  49.587 ms
          hundredge0-0-0-9.clbr01.tok02.pccwbtn.net (63.218.250.193)  50.911 ms
    • traceroute 指令 — 路由跟蹤工具

  • nslookup

    • 查詢 DNS 回應是否正常
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      $ nslookup linyunwen.github.io
      Server:		192.168.1.1
      Address:	192.168.1.1#53

      Non-authoritative answer:
      Name:	linyunwen.github.io
      Address: 185.199.111.153
      Name:	linyunwen.github.io
      Address: 185.199.110.153
      Name:	linyunwen.github.io
      Address: 185.199.109.153
      Name:	linyunwen.github.io
      Address: 185.199.108.153

  • curl

  • wget

  • ssh

  • nmap

  • tcpdump

  • mtr

  • dig

  • airmon, airodump

  • iptables

  • netstat

Kernel Debugging

Others